The Democracy New Developments - 1405 Words

2.3 Deliberative democracy: new developments As research done within the area of deliberative democracy, and deliberation in general, is still ongoing, this study relies on a newer approach to deliberative democracy mainly inspired by Dryzek (2010). According to Dryzek (2010), â€Å"a system can be said to possess deliberative capacity to the degree it has structures to accommodate deliberation that is authentic, inclusive and consequential†[emphasis in original] (Dryzek, 2010, p. 10). More specifically, this means: †¢ Authentic: Deliberation should encourage reflection upon preferences. The deliberation should furthermore be characterised by communication that everyone can accept. (Dryzek, 2000, p. 68) †¢ Inclusive: Everyone should be able to†¦show more content†¦(Fraser, 1990, p. 64) There are two main points to derive from Frasers (along with other feminist theorists) criticism. First, social and cultural differences within societies have an impact on the possibility to engage in deliberation in the public sphere. Second, these differences result in not only inequality but also marginalisation. It is indeed difficult, especially when investigating empirical evidence, to argue for a public sphere, which is cleansed from any form of power relations and marginalisation (REFERENCE) – a so-called ‘neutral ground’. However, I will argue that the requirement of inclusiveness becomes less important if the end-goal of the deliberative process is not consensus-making, but rather to obtain meta-consensus. 2.4 Meta-consensus as the outcome of a deliberative process Although the more specific conceptualisation of meta-consensus is to be found in the work of Niemeyer and Dryzek (2007), the idea behind it has been around for a long time. According to Niemeyer and Dryzek (2007), deliberation â€Å"requires that individuals transcend private concerns and that they engage with competing views, taking them into account as a part of their evaluations† (Niemeyer and Dryzek, 2007, p. 500). This view upon deliberation is highly pluralistic and remains as the main requirement for an authentic deliberative process to happen. However, this has been formulated earlier by, for example, Hannah

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and its...

The American dream can be defined as the promise of living in America with opportunities for all, regardless of social class, and according to their ability and effort (Schnell, 2010). Proponents of the American dream believe that there is equal opportunity for all in the American society to achieve success. Success is not pegged on social status, race, or creed, but rather on an individual’s own efforts. The definition of the American dream has unique interpretations to different people. The most common meaning is that of a life of abundance and prosperity, characterized by economic rewards that enable one to live a middle class life of comfort. Here, success is measured by material possessions such as beautiful homes, cars, a high†¦show more content†¦Douglass’ narrative clearly illustrates how these components played a part in enabling him to realize his ultimate dream of freedom. Individualism The American dream is closely tied with individualism, where there is emphasis on personal achievements as well as individual rights. In American society, everyone is entitled to their own opinion, and the freedom to express such opinions. With this right, each individual is expected to push himself towards success on the basis of his/her own personal efforts. The American dream is also based on the belief that anyone who has enough talent, will, drive, and merit can overcome insurmountable obstacles to achieve whatever they set their minds to. However, not everyone can achieve success as it is based on an individual’s abilities, initiative, and willingness to take risks. Frederick Douglass demonstrates this trait of individualism throughout his life, with his willingness to take risks, and to overcome obstacles placed in his way, so as to acquire whatever he sought. This trait is what sets him apart from other slaves, and is best illustrated through his efforts to learn how t o read and write. Though his master forbade him to learn and took away his only teacher, Frederick was able to overcome this obstacle and find other teachers, by befriending young white boys who knew how to read and write. Frederick’s individualism seems to have been a resultShow MoreRelatedAmerican Romanticism As Portrayed By Walt Whitman s Song Of Myself979 Words   |  4 PagesJesha C. Lor Callis Modern Civ-LIT 3/21/16 Song of myself (1855) Narrative (1845) American Romanticism as portrayed by Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself† and Fredrick Douglass’s Narrative American Romanticism focuses on the imagination, emotions and idealized perspectives of the world. Romanticism is in opposition to the forms and conventions of Neoclassical Literature and is a reaction to the Age of reason which preceded Romanticism. Reason was ruled out in this era in place of imagination, individualityRead More Interpretations of Slavery Essay3734 Words   |  15 Pagesprevented from making their own choices regarding physical reproduction. Western slavery took each of these slave characteristics to a new level and as a result there are many authors who wrote about the evil institution of slavery in the Colonies. American literature is full of authors who describe, condone or oppose slavery, the most informative and influential of whom were Black writers because many were able to give a personal perspective on slavery. These Black writers had to struggle to be acceptedRead MoreRealism and Freedom in Literature of Dwight D. Eisenhower1948 Words   |  8 PagesRealism and Freedom Dwight D. Eisenhower once stated, Freedom has its life in the hearts, the actions, the spirit of men and so it must be daily earned and refreshed-else like a flower cut from its life-giving roots, it will wither and die (Rather 1). The meaning of the term freedom is often open to interpretation, and can represent different meanings to different groups of people. Up until the Realistic time period, many Americans viewed freedom as being able to enjoy the rights given to them underRead More After coming to America Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesAfter coming to America All people seem to want the same basic things out of life regardless of race or religion. Universally, people want a good job, a healthy family, and a chance for their children to have a better life than the one they have. Families that already possess these things, whether through their own hard work or merely by way of inheritance, rely on the existing power structures within society to ensure that their future happiness continues . But what do people who do not belong

A Brave New World by Aldous Huxley - 895 Words

Imagine living in a society where every single person acts and behaves the same. Do you think it’s possible? In the novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tells of a society where everyone is the same but, compared to today’s society, everything is different. Huxley tells of a world where everything that happens or takes place is because of one’s own desire and nothing more. The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actually exist†? Huxley describes things that we see today as being backwards. Things that we see as good, Huxley sees it as bad. The word ‘mother’ in our society today, describes a woman so loving and warm. Huxley uses the word as a sexual thing. Something that arouses men. â€Å"Try to realize what it was like to have a viviparous mother.’ That smutty word again. But none of them dreamed, this time, of smiling.† This feeds into to Freud’s ideas that men are naturally attracted to their mother, knowingly or unknowingly. However, many critics failed to understand the point Huxley was trying to make. They didn’t find his point relevant, insightful, alarming or particularly original. He talks of a combination of totalitarian government and ubiquitous drugs and sex as being what society should be based on. Huxley’s described a government where all decisions had to be made through them.Show MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. There are personal effects in Aldous Huxley life that contribute to what he has written in the book. Aldous Huxley throughout his life have seen, done, and events have happened to him, just like all of us, but he has expressed it in his book. So when Aldous wrote the he had so many ideas. 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Pyramids Essay Example For Students

Pyramids Essay Pyramids The pyramids of Egypt are the last remaining Wonder of the World. Even in the days of Ancient Egypt when powerful pharaohs ruled over Egypt the pyramids were considered a wonder. Today, the ruins of 35 pyramids still stand near the Nile River in Egypt. These pyramids were built to protect the bodies of Egyptian kings and other royalty but before the pyramids became the standard for burials, tombs were used for Egypts early rulers, nobles, and other high ranking officials. This group of hierarchy were laid to rest in rectangular, flat-topped mastabas of mud and brick. These mastabas were about 12 feet high and were easy targets for tomb robbers. The first pyramid built was the Step Pyramid of Saqqara; it stands in the open desert south of Cairo. The Step Pyramid was built for King Djoser. The people of Egypt willingly labored to build these monuments for their rulers, believing that, as gods, the pharaohs had to be properly provided for in their afterlife. The Step Pyramid was built around 2630 B.C. It exhibited a radical new shape never before used, and it was so new the Egyptians used its silhouettes as the hieroglyphic for primeval mound, the first piece of earth to emerge from the soup of creation (Malek 90). King Djosers chief architect for his pyramid was Imhotep. It is thought that King Djosers stone tomb started out having the standard shape of a mastaba. Then, as construction progressed, a concept evolved. Imhotep began to place one flat-topped stone structure atop another until he had created six steps by which the king could ascent to the heavens after death. The Egyptians had a firm belief in an afterlife and viewed their pharaohs as gods. These beliefs were a strong force that led to the piling up of stones to such a monumental scale. The Step Pyramid rose to a height of 204 feet; later pyramids increased in height as their designs changed. It was not sufficient that a pyramid be immense, but it had to be built so solidly that it would stand forever. Although the Step Pyramid was the first pyramid, the Great Pyramid is the best known. The Great Pyramid was built for King Cheop. It is the largest pyramid of the three at Giza. The three pyramids built for King Cheops, King Chephrun, and King Mycerinos stand on the west bank of the Nile outside Cairo. They are the largest and best preserved of all Egyptian pyramids. They were built between 2600 B.C. and 2500 B.C. However, it is hard today to imagine the manpower involved in building the Great Pyramid (especially in our world of computers, machinery, and advanced technology. The ancient Egyptians had no machinery or iron tools to help in the building of the pyramids. The large limestone blocks used to build the pyramids were cut with copper chisels and saws. Most of these stones came from nearby quarries. An interesting fact to note is that camels were not brought into use until twenty centuries after the pyramids were built. Human strength was used to drag the stones from the quarries or from the boats (Casson 76). The stones were then dragged and pushed into place for the first layer of the Great Pyramid, which was placed on flat level ground. Next, long ramps were built of earth and brick moving the blocks up the ramps to form the next layer. After the top layer was finished the workers covered the pyramid with an outer coating of white casing stone, which gave the Great Pyramid a brilliant shrine during the day when the sun shone down on it. The outer coating of white casing stone were laid so perfectly that from a distance the pyramid appeared to have been made from a single white stone. The main difference of the Great Pyramid compared to other pyramids, besides the fact of its size, is the difference of the location of the burial chamber. The Great Pyramids burial chamber was in the uppermost part of the pyramid. .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .postImageUrl , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:hover , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:visited , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:active { border:0!important; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:active , .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2 .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9bbf607f23ea3fe1ff17a4bc6fb029a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In cold blood Essay This was something new, burial chambers in other pyramids were located beneath the pyramid. To reach the burial chamber inside the Great Pyramid a upward sloping corridor was built. The ramp for the kings ascent to the polar stars was therefore lost. A substitute for the ramp was devised in the form of a northern ventilation shaft, which was a replica of the lower entrance corridor. King Cheop was to be positioned facing this northern view. But what of King Cheop? His body has never been found. Did he have a secret chamber built for himself that was so well hidden that it was impossible to find? Did thieves steal or destroy King Cheops body for the jewels and gold hidden within the body wrapping? Answers to these questions have yet to be found. It is estimated that it took about 2,300,000 separate blocks, each weighing an average of two and a half tons, to build King Cheops Great Pyramid. Some blocks weighed up to fifteen tons. The base of the Great Pyramid covered thirteen acres and reached a height of 481 feet. To accomplish the feat of building the Great Pyramid it took 23 years and a work force of tens of thousands peasant laborers (Hallibunton 335). The enormous size of the Great Pyramid can better be visualized with the fact that Saint Pauls Cathedral and the House of Parliament could be housed within the Great Pyramid. If the Great Pyramid was sawed into cubes, measuring a foot in each dimension and placed in a row, they would extend over a distance almost equal to the circumference of the earth (Edwards 104). It is no wonder the Great Pyramid is still a Wonder of the World. All pyramids, no matter their size, design, or age, share a common curse. Tomb robbers have plundered the pyramids for centuries stealing gold, gems, beautiful furniture, clothing, musical instruments, even sacred vases containing a pharaohs vital organs. All these items were common items found inside a burial chamber. Now they have all been lost forever because of tomb robbers of today and yesterday. The well known Arabic proverb Death comes on wings to he who enters the tomb of the pharaoh (Casson 81) meant little to the tomb robbers. Others who have heard the warning and chose not to listen or believe have eventually paid the price. One such person was Lord Carnarvon, who headed the excavation of King Tutankhamuns tomb. Lord Carnarvon died quite unexpectedly from a 4000 year old fungus he came in contact with inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. Shortly after Lord Carnarvon parished, other members of the excavation party began to meet with unusual and sometimes unexplainable accidents. These so called accidents claimed the lives of thirty six members of the party (Reeves 31). Was it the pharaohs curse or just coincidence? In Las Vegas, Nevada the hotel-casino Luxor was built. The Luxor was built in the shape of a pyramid. A replica of the Sphinx sits in front of the giant pyramid shape casino. When the hotel was being built a report was given, and the construction workers interviewed were afraid of the pyramid shaped casino. The workers believed in the Curse of the Pharaohs. The numerous accidents had sent other workers to the local hospital emergency room. Other Las Vegas casinos are blaming their misfortunes on Luxor. It is no wonder that magic, superstition, and the unknown has followed mankind since the earlier times of the first mysterious pyramids!